- Review of Participle Adverbial Clause
  - Definition and essence
    - Contraction or ellipsis of adverbial clause
    - Classification similar to adverbial clause
      - Time, place, condition, cause, result
  - Example transformation
    - Original: After they have acquired their words through mimicry, toddlers start combining them according to abstract rules
    - Transformed: Having acquired their words through mimicry, toddlers start combining them according to abstract rules
- Attachment Rule in Participle Adverbial Clauses
  - Logical subject must match main clause subject
  - Importance of attachment rule for grammatical correctness
- Introduction to Stumbling/Dangling Particles
  - Violation of attachment rule
    - Logical subject differs from main clause subject
  - Examples of stumbling particles
    - Driving to Chicago that night, a sudden thought struck me
    - After hiking all day, the mountains seemed no nearer
  - Characteristics
    - Subordinate clause isolated from main clause
    - Subjects of main and subordinate clauses differ
- Practice and Analysis
  - Sentence structure identification
    - Main clause vs. subordinate clause
    - Identifying stumbling particle constructions
  - Translation exercises
    - After climbing up the tower, I can see the whole city
    - Walking along the street, inspiration came up suddenly
- Usage of Dangling Particles
  - Common in scientific writing
    - Avoidance of personal subjects
    - Example: Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form
  - Formality in writing
    - Without personal subject sounds more formal
- Terminology Explanation
  - Why called unattached or isolated particles
    - Not attached to main clause
    - Subject not identifiable with main clause elements
- Summary of Class Content
  - Reviewed participle adverbial clauses
  - Discovered stumbling/dangling particles phenomenon
  - Learned characteristics and usage in formal writing